运载火箭主动段自适应增广控制

针对运载火箭上升段在复杂飞行环境、大不确定性干扰和振动等因素的影响下，传统PID控制方法难以满足高品质控制需求的问题，进行了自适应增广控制(AAC)方法研究，以实现对运载火箭姿态的精确控制。在深入分析自适应增广控制系统整体构架的基础上，通过标称PID控制器设计与基于粒子群优化(PSO)的数字滤波器设计实现了刚体控制及对弹性振动的抑制；继而针对大范围干扰、不确定性和由于滤波器切换产生的弹性振动影响，设计了在线调整算法自适应调节PID控制增益，并对其工作机理与参数设计原则进行研究；然后设计干扰补偿回路和主动减载回路以减小内外扰动、弹性振动和风载荷影响；最后在弹性振动、风干扰和参数不确定性等因素同时作用的状态下进行仿真分析，验证了自适应增广控制系统能够有效应对运载火箭主动段复杂飞行环境的影响，大幅度提升综合控制性能，具有理论研究意义与工程应用价值。     

A comprehensive survey on the methods of angle of attack measurement and estimation in UAVs

Angle of Attack (AOA) is a crucial parameter which directly affects the aerodynamic forces of an aircraft. The measurement of AOA is required to ensure a safe flight within its designed flight envelop. This paper intends to summarise a comprehensive survey on the measurement techniques and estimation methods for AOA, specifically in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications. In the case of UAVs, weight constraint plays a major role as far as sensor suites are concerned. This results in selecting a suitable estimation method to extract AOA using the available data from the autopilot. The most feasible and widely employed AOA measurement technique is by using the Multi-Hole Probes (MHPs). The MHP measures the AOA regarding the pressure variations between the ports. Due to the importance of MHP in AOA measurement, the calibration methods for the MHP are also included in this paper. This paper discusses the AOA measurement using virtual AOA sensors, their importance and the operation.     

Influence of thickness and initial groove angle in M–K model on limit strain of 7B04 by considering through-thickness stress

Marciniack–Kuczinski (M–K) model is widely used to predict material’s forming limit curve (FLC). The prediction of FLC traditionally neglected through-thickness normal stress. However, it cannot be neglected in some forming processes. Much work has been done to study the effect of through-thickness normal stress on FLC with constant through-thickness normal stress or constant ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress. In addition, based on Nakazima test process, the ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress has been derived, which was a function of instantaneous thickness and loading path. Here, initial groove angle in M–K model was not considered. In this paper, uniaxial tension tests and Nakazima tests were performed on 7B04 aluminum alloy. Based on Hill 48 yield criterion and M–K model, the prediction model of FLC was established. The increase of thickness can enhance FLC. Meanwhile, it is necessary to consider through-thickness normal stress and initial groove angle in prediction model. On the left side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is weakened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is strengthened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the relation between limit strain points with different thicknesses is linear under one certain loading path. Thickness has decisive effect on through-thickness normal stress level and the changing trendy of through-thickness normal stress during calculation is different under different stress condition.     

带攻角约束的高超声速飞行器自适应反步控制器设计

针对带攻角(AOA)约束的高超声速飞行器控制问题，提出一种基于非对称时变障碍函数的非线性自适应反步控制方法。首先，将飞行器模型化为严反馈形式，以反步法为基础进行控制器设计。然后通过光滑饱和函数对名义攻角指令信号进行限幅，并保证限幅信号的可导性，限幅产生的误差通过设计辅助系统进行补偿。进而使用障碍函数对攻角指令跟踪误差进行非对称时变约束。针对不确定性和干扰，设计新型自适应律对集中干扰上界进行估计并补偿。最终通过Lyapunov理论证明了闭环系统状态量一致最终有界并且攻角始终满足时变约束。仿真结果表明，本文方法能够在满足攻角约束基础上保证良好跟踪性能。     

基于双环滑模控制的直/气复合控制系统设计

直/气复合控制导弹具有强干扰、强非线性以及强耦合等特点，传统的姿态控制器难以适用于该种复杂干扰并存的情况，文章提出了基于双环滑模控制的直/气复合控制器。首先采用有限时间收敛趋近律分别构造内外环滑模控制器，并将角速度回路的滑模变量量化为直接力指令，以解决空气舵与姿控发动机之间的耦合问题。接着使用非线性扩张状态观测器估计综合干扰，从而设计控制器补偿侧向喷流干扰及模型不确定性等综合干扰的影响。然后基于李雅普诺夫方法证明了控制系统闭环稳定，分析了干扰补偿对控制器收敛域的影响。最后仿真结果表明，该方法跟踪速度快，动态过程平稳，具有较强的干扰抑制能力，具有很强的鲁棒性。     

Which way is the bookstore? A closer look at the judgments of relative directions task

We present a detailed analysis of a widely used assay in human spatial cognition, the judgments of relative direction (JRD) task. We conducted three experiments involving virtual navigation interspersed with the JRD task, and included confidence judgments and map drawing as additional metrics. We also present a technique for assessing the similarity of the cognitive representations underlying performance on the JRD and map-drawing tasks. Our results support the construct validity of the JRD task and its connection to allocentric representation. Additionally, we found that chance performance on the JRD task depends on the distribution of the angles of participants’ responses, rather than being constant and 90 degrees. Accordingly, we present a method for better determining chance performance.     

横流中空心锥形喷雾的扩散特性与影响因素

为了更好地理解和认识空心锥形喷雾射流与横向气流的掺混过程，基于可视化实验测量，针对空心锥形喷雾的初始雾化状态、喷射角度和雾化锥角以及横流速度等因素对空心锥形喷雾射流在横流中的扩散特性进行了系统分析。研究结果表明，随着横流速度的提高，流场中对称反旋涡对（CVP）结构变小，但其稳定性及产生的卷吸气流则是先增强而后减小；提高喷雾初始液滴的动量和数流率，均可以增大射流剪切层的贯穿深度和射流尾迹的伸展高度，同时使流场中CVP的涡量强度增大。基于实验测量结果，建立了空心锥形喷雾垂直入射横流条件下掺混流场液滴群CVP结构特征尺寸和剪切层轨迹的预测关联式。另外针对喷嘴雾化锥角和喷射角度的分析表明，当喷雾初始雾化状态相近时，随着雾化锥角的减小，流场中CVP的水平尺度减小但竖直方向尺度增大且结构更为稳定，同时喷雾液滴的贯穿深度增大；相比喷雾垂直于横流入射，当喷嘴以一定角度逆向横流入射时，CVP结构稳定性减弱，流场剪切层涡结构变大且剪切层区域液滴富集现象减弱，射流尾迹紊乱程度增加，反之，则流场剪切层涡拟序结构变小，射流尾迹现象减弱，CVP结构变小。     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

基于时标分解的弹性高超声速飞行器智能控制

考虑弹性高超声速飞行器纵向动力学模型，提出了一种基于时标分解的智能控制方法。考虑刚体状态和弹性模态具有不同的时标特性，采用奇异摄动理论进行快慢时标分解，将模型转换为刚体慢变子系统和弹性快变子系统。针对刚体子系统考虑动力学不确定，基于平行估计模型构造表征不确定逼近效果的预测误差，结合跟踪误差给出复合学习控制策略。针对弹性子系统设计自适应滑模控制稳定弹性模态。通过李雅普诺夫稳定性分析可证系统状态一致终值有界。仿真表明所提出的控制方法能够实现刚弹模态的稳定收敛，且具有更高的跟踪精度、更好的学习性能和更快的收敛速度。     

航天器姿态大角度机动有限时间控制

针对航天器姿态大角度机动控制问题，在存在外部扰动的情况下，基于航天器姿态跟踪系统的标准级联特性，利用反步法和自适应控制设计有限时间控制器。提出的控制方法可以严格保证姿态大角度机动系统是全局有限时间稳定的。李雅普诺夫理论推导和仿真结果表明，系统在控制器的作用下可以快速机动到平衡点并保持稳定，全物理仿真试验进一步表明了所提出的控制方法的有效性和优越性。